Sex Differences in 5-Year Outcomes After Deferral of Revascularization Following Physiological Coronary Assessment.

Background: The relationship between sex differences and long-term outcomes after fractional flow reserve (FFR)- and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR)-guided deferral of revascularization has yet to be elucidated. Methods and Results: From the J-CONFIRM registry (long-term outcomes of Japanese patients with deferral of coronary intervention based on FFR in a multicenter registry), this study included 432 lesions from 385 patients (men, 323 lesions in 286 patients; women, 109 lesions in 99 patients) with paired data of FFR and iFR. The primary endpoint was the cumulative 5-year incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), including cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target vessel revascularization. The median FFR value was lower in men than in women (0.85 [0.81, 0.88] vs. 0.87 [0.83, 0.91], P=0.002), but the iFR value was comparable between men and women (0.94 [0.90, 0.98] vs. 0.93 [0.89, 0.98], P=0.26). The frequency of discordance between FFR and iFR was comparable between men and women (19.5% vs. 23.9%, P=0.34), although with different discordance patterns (P=0.036). The cumulative incidence of 5-year TVF did not differ between men and women after adjustment for baseline characteristics (13.9% vs. 6.9%, adjusted hazard ratio 1.82 [95% confidence interval: 0.44-7.56]; P=0.41). Conclusions: Despite sex differences in the results for physiological indexes, the 5-year TVF in deferred lesions did not differ between men and women after adjustment for baseline characteristics.

Prognostic Impact of Renal Function on 5-Year Outcomes After Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Deferral of Revascularization.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) might influence fractional flow reserve (FFR) value, potentially attenuating its prognostic utility. However, few large-scale data are available regarding clinical outcomes after FFR-guided deferral of revascularization in patients with CKD. Methods and Results From the J-CONFIRM registry (Long-Term Outcomes of Japanese Patients With Deferral of Coronary Intervention Based on Fractional Flow Reserve in Multicenter Registry), 1218 patients were divided into 3 groups according to renal function: (1) non-CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2), n=385; (2) CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15-59 mL/min per 1.73 m2, n=763); and (3) end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2, n=70). The primary study end point was the cumulative 5-year incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and clinical driven target vessel revascularization. Cumulative 5-year incidence of TVF was significantly higher in the ESRD group than in the CKD and non-CKD group, whereas it did not differ between the CKD and non-CKD groups (26.3% versus 11.9% versus 9.5%, P<0.001). Although the 5-year TVF risk increased as the FFR value decreased regardless of renal function, patients with ESRD had a remarkably higher risk of TVF at every FFR value than those with CKD and non-CKD. Conclusions At 5 years, patients with ESRD showed a higher incidence of TVF than patients with CKD and non-CKD, although with similar outcomes between patients with CKD and non-CKD. Patients with ESRD had an excess risk of 5-year TVF at every FFR value compared with those with CKD and non-CKD. Registration URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp; Unique identifier: UMIN000014473.

Differentiating Macrovascular and Microvascular Ischemia Using Fractal Analysis of Dynamic Myocardial Perfusion Stress-CT.

OBJECTIVES: Fractal analysis of dynamic myocardial stress computed tomography perfusion imaging (4D-CTP) has shown potential to noninvasively differentiate obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary microvascular disease (CMD). This study validates fractal analysis of 4D-CTP in a multicenter setting and assesses its diagnostic accuracy in subgroups with ischemia and nonobstructed coronary arteries (INOCA) and with mild to moderate stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From the AMPLIFiED multicenter trial, patients with suspected or known chronic myocardial ischemia and an indication for invasive coronary angiography were included. Patients underwent dual-source CT angiography, 4D-CTP, and CT delayed-enhancement imaging. Coronary artery disease, CMD, and normal perfusion were defined by a combined reference standard comprising invasive coronary angiography with fractional flow reserve, and absolute or relative CT-derived myocardial blood flow. Nonobstructed coronary arteries were defined as ≤25% stenosis and mild to moderate stenosis as 26%-80%. RESULTS: In 127 patients (27% female), fractal analysis accurately differentiated CAD (n = 61, 23% female), CMD (n = 23, 30% female), and normal perfusion (n = 34, 35% female) with a multiclass area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.92 and high agreement (multiclass κ = 0.89). In patients with ischemia (n = 84), fractal analysis detected CAD (n = 61) over CMD (n = 23) with sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 74%, accuracy of 89%, and AUC of 0.83. In patients with nonobstructed coronary arteries (n = 33), INOCA (n = 15) was detected with sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 78%, accuracy of 88%, and AUC of 0.94. In patients with mild to moderate stenosis (n = 27), fractal analysis detected CAD (n = 19) over CMD with sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 100%, accuracy of 89%, and AUC of 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter study, fractal analysis of 4D-CTP accurately differentiated CAD and CMD including subgroups with INOCA and with mild to moderate stenosis.

Plaque characterization of a saphenous vein graft by near-infrared spectroscopy and histopathology in a patient with a percutaneous coronary intervention.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an intravascular imaging (IVUS) modality that detects lipid core plaques in the vessel wall, which are regarded as high-risk plaques for distal embolization in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions have friable lipid-rich plaques and thrombus prone to distal embolization. The plaque characterization of SVG by NIRS was confirmed herein for the first time with histopathology before and after PCI. The present case was a man in his 60 s with a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary angiography revealed severe stenosis in multiple segments of the SVG to left circumflex artery (LCX). NIRS IVUS showed large amounts of lipidic materials at each segment before PCI. After balloon dilatation, NIRS IVUS revealed a marked reduction in yellow signals on chemography. A histopathological analysis of the captured specimen showed that it was mainly composed of fibrin and contained numerous histiocytes with foam cells, lymphocytes, and other cells, which was consistent with the histopathological findings of plaque rupture.

Complementary prognostic value of stress perfusion imaging and global coronary flow reserve derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a long-term cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Phase-contrast cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) quantifies global coronary flow reserve (CFR) by measuring blood flow in the coronary sinus (CS), allowing assessment of the entire coronary circulation. However, the complementary prognostic value of stress perfusion CMR and global CFR in long-term follow-up has yet to be investigated. This study aimed to investigate the complementary prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging and global CFR derived from CMR in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD) during long-term follow-up. METHODS: Participants comprised 933 patients with suspected or known CAD who underwent comprehensive CMR. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) comprised cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, hospitalization for heart failure, stroke, ventricular arrhythmia, and late revascularization. RESULTS: During follow-up (median, 5.3 years), there were 223 MACE. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed a significant difference in event-free survival among tertile groups for global CFR (log-rank, p < 0.001) and between patients with and without ischemia (p < 0.001). The combination of stress perfusion CMR and global CFR enhanced risk stratification (p < 0.001 for overall), and prognoses were comparable between the subgroup with ischemia and no impaired CFR and the subgroup with no ischemia and impaired CFR (p = 0.731). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that impaired CFR remained a significant predictor for MACE (hazard ratio, 1.6; p = 0.002) when adjusted for coronary risk factors and CMR predictors, including ischemia. The addition of impaired CFR to coronary risk factors and ischemia significantly increased the global chi-square value from 88 to 109 (p < 0.001). Continuous net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination with the addition of global CFR to coronary risk factors plus ischemia improved to 0.352 (p < 0.001) and 0.017 (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: During long-term follow-up, stress perfusion CMR and global CFR derived from CS flow measurement provided complementary prognostic value for prediction of cardiovascular events. Microvascular dysfunction or diffuse atherosclerosis as shown by impaired global CFR may play a role as important as that of ischemia due to epicardial coronary stenosis in the risk stratification of CAD patients.

Prognostic Impact of Prehospital Simple Risk Index in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: The simple risk index recorded in the emergency room (ER-SRI), which is calculated using the formula (heart rate × [age / 10]2) / systolic blood pressure, was shown to be able to stratify the prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. However, the prognostic impact of the prehospital simple risk index (Pre-SRI) remains unknown.Methods and Results: This study enrolled 2,047 STEMI patients from the Mie Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) registry. Pre-SRI was calculated using prehospital data and ER-SRI was calculated using emergency room data. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. The cut-off values of Pre-SRI and ER-SRI for predicting 30-day mortality were 34.8 and 34.1, with accuracies of 0.816 and 0.826 based on receiver operating characteristic analyses (P<0.001 for both). There was no difference in the accuracy of the 2 indices. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that a High Pre-SRI (≥34) was a significant independent predictor of 30-day mortality. With combined Pre-SRI and ER-SRI assessment, patients with High Pre-SRI/High ER-SRI showed significantly higher mortality than those with High Pre-SRI/Low ER-SRI, Low Pre-SRI/High ER-SRI, and Low Pre-SRI/Low ER-SRI (P<0.001). The addition of High Pre-SRI to High ER-SRI showed incremental prognostic value of the Pre-SRI. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-SRI can identify high-risk STEMI patients at an early stage and combined assessment with Pre-SRI and ER-SRI could be of incremental prognostic value for risk stratification in STEMI patients.

Clinical characteristics and the risk of hospitalization of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 quarantined in a designated hotel in Japan.

The aim was to investigate the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who were admitted to a designated hotel, and to clarify the risk factors for hospitalization of such patients with clinical deterioration. The medical records of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the designated hotel in Mie Prefecture, Japan, between August 2020 and September 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 1,087 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the designated hotel, 936 patients (32.1± 12.8 years, 61.3% male) were recruited after excluding patients under the age of 15 years (n = 33), those admitted from the hospital (n = 111, 10.2%), COVID-19 vaccinated patients (n = 4, 0.4%), and those who were discharged to their own home due to social disorders (n = 3). During the study period, 884 patients (94.4%) were discharged to their own home with improving symptoms, whereas 52 patients (5.6%) were hospitalized for a deteriorating clinical condition. The logistic regression analyses showed that older age (≥ 40 years), higher body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m2), hypertension were the risk factors for hospitalization. As the new risk scale score based on the results of the odds ratios increased, the hospitalization rate increased significantly: 2.0% at 0-1 points, 9.7% at 2-3 points, and 28.8% at 4-5 points (p < 0.001). None of the 52 hospitalized patients died, and none developed serious complications from COVID-19 after hospitalization. In conclusion, the designated accommodation program for COVID-19 patients was safe, especially for those with a low risk for hospitalization.

The cardiac computed tomography-derived extracellular volume fraction predicts patient outcomes and left ventricular mass reductions after transcatheter aortic valve implantation for aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) improved outcome of patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). Myocardial fibrosis is associated with AS-related pathological left ventricular (LV) remodeling and predicts cardiovascular mortality after TAVI. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of preoperative extracellular volume (ECV) assessed by computed tomography (CT) on left ventricular mass (LVM) regression and clinical outcomes in severe AS patients after TAVI. METHODS: We examined 71 consecutive severe AS patients who underwent CT with ECV determination before TAVI. ECV was calculated as the ratio of the change in Hounsfield units in the myocardium and LV blood before and after contrast administration, multiplied by (1-hematocrit). Delayed scan was performed at 5 min after contrast injection. Echocardiography was performed before and 6 months after TAVI. The primary endpoint was heart failure (HF) hospitalization after TAVI. Patients were divided into two subgroups according to the median value of global ECV with 32 % (Low-ECV group: n = 35, and High-ECV group: n = 36). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in background characteristics between the 2 groups. However, the preoperative LV ejection fraction and LVM index were similar between the 2 groups, the Low-ECV group had greater LVM index reduction than the High-CV group after 6 months (p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that the High-ECV group had significantly higher rate of HF hospitalization than the Low-ECV group (p = 0.016). In addition, multivariate analyses identified high global ECV as an independent predictor of HF hospitalization (HR 10.8, 95 % confidence interval 1.36 to 84.8, p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The low preoperative ECV assessed by CT is associated with the greater LVM regression, and predict better outcome in AS patients after TAVI.

Isolated Coronary Arteritis Treated With FDG-PET/CT-Guided Immunosuppressant to Break the Vicious Cycle of In-Stent Restenosis.

Recurrent in-stent restenosis of the coronary artery is a rare but intractable problem. In this situation, coronary arteritis should be considered as an etiology. This case highlights the use of immunosuppressive drugs, including tocilizumab, and follow-up F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography to break the vicious circle of recurrent stenosis caused by isolated coronary arteritis of unknown cause.

Demographic Trends and Changes in the Pre- and In-Hospital Medical Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction During the First 12 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mie Prefecture　- Report From the Mie ACS Registry.

Background: Even though hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, limited information is available on subsequent demographic trends in the number of cases and management of AMI through the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and Results: We assessed demographic trends, patient characteristics, and AMI outcomes (n=730) during the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic and compared them with corresponding months during the control period (February 2016-January 2020; n=2,742) using data from the Mie ACS Registry. Although a 25.8% reduction in hospitalizations for AMI was observed in the 3 months following the declaration of a state of emergency (47.7 vs. 64.3/month; P=0.002), the total number of AMI patients was similar between the 12-month COVID-19 and control periods (60.8 vs. 57.2/month; P=0.58). The number of patients requiring direct ambulance transport was lower in the first half of the COVID-19 than control period (44.4% vs. 51.5; P=0.028). In-hospital mortality was higher in the second half of the COVID-19 than control period (8.9% vs. 5.8%; P=0.032). Conclusions: Through the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of AMI cases was similar to that in previous years. The COVID-19 pandemic changed the behavior of AMI patients and both pre- and in-hospital medical management, which significantly affected the severity and prognosis of AMI.

Fractal Analysis of Dynamic Stress CT-Perfusion Imaging for Detection of Hemodynamically Relevant Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Combined computed tomography-derived myocardial blood flow (CTP-MBF) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) has shown good diagnostic performance for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, fractal analysis might provide additional insight into ischemia pathophysiology by characterizing multiscale perfusion patterns and, therefore, may be useful in diagnosing hemodynamically significant CAD. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a multicenter setting, whether fractal analysis of perfusion improves detection of hemodynamically relevant CAD over myocardial blood flow quantification (CTP-MBF) using dynamic, 4-dimensional, dynamic stress myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging. METHODS: In total, 7 centers participating in the prospective AMPLIFiED (Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion Linked to Infarction and Fibrosis Explored with Dual-source CT) study acquired CTP and CTA data in patients with suspected or known CAD. Hemodynamically relevant CAD was defined as ≥90% stenosis on invasive coronary angiography or fractional flow reserve <0.80. Both fractal analysis and CTP-MBF quantification were performed on CTP images and were combined with CTA results. RESULTS: This study population included 127 participants, among them 61 patients, or 79 vessels, with CAD as per invasive reference standard. Compared with the combination of CTP-MBF and CTA, combined fractal analysis and CTA improved sensitivity on the per-patient level from 84% (95% CI: 72%-92%) to 95% (95% CI: 86%-99%; P = 0.01) and specificity from 70% (95% CI: 57%-82%) to 89% (95% CI: 78%-96%; P = 0.02). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve improved from 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75-0.90) to 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.98; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Fractal analysis constitutes a quantitative and pathophysiologically meaningful approach to myocardial perfusion analysis using dynamic stress CTP, which improved diagnostic performance over CTP-MBF when combined with anatomical information from CTA.

Prognostic Impact of Peak Aortic Jet Velocity on Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Aortic valve stenosis (AS) leads to increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, and recent studies reported that even mild-to-moderate AS was associated with poor prognosis in the general population. This study investigated the prognostic impact of mild or moderate AS, defined as 2.0 m/s ≤ peak aortic jet velocity (Vmax) ≤3.9 m/s using echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.Methods and Results: This study enrolled 3,049 AMI patients using data from the Mie ACS registry. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to Vmax: Group 1: Vmax <2.0 m/s and/or visually intact aortic valve in which all 3 leaflets are fully and evenly open; Group 2: 2.0 m/s ≤ Vmax ≤ 3.9 m/s. There were 2,976 patients in Group 1and 73 patients in Group 2. The Group 2 patients were older, had a higher percentage of males and had lower body mass index and Killip ≥2 than the Group 1 patients. Angiographic data, door-to-balloon time, and mechanical support were not different between the 2 groups. The Group 2 patients demonstrated a significantly higher all-cause mortality rate (P<0.01) and composite of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization (P<0.01), and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed the same tendency in propensity score-matched patients. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that mild or moderate AS based on Vmax is associated with poor prognosis following AMI.

Long-Term Outcomes in Elderly Patients After Deferral of Coronary Revascularization Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence is available regarding the long-term outcome in elderly patients after deferral of revascularization based on fractional flow reserve (FFR).Methods and Results: From the J-CONFIRM registry (long-term outcomes of Japanese patients with deferral of coronary intervention based on fractional flow reserve in multicenter registry), 1,262 patients were divided into 2 groups according to age: elderly and younger patients (aged ≥75 or <75 years, respectively). The primary endpoint was the cumulative 5-year incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction (TVMI), and clinically driven target vessel revascularization (CDTVR). Cumulative 5-year incidence of TVF was not significantly different between elderly and younger patients (14.3% vs. 10.8%, P=0.12). Cardiac death occurred more frequently in elderly patients than younger patients (4.4% vs. 0.8%, P<0.001), whereas TVMI and CDTVR did not differ between groups (1.3% vs. 0.9%, P=0.80; 10.7% vs. 10.1%, P=0.80, respectively). FFR values in lesions with diameter stenosis <50% were significantly higher in elderly patients than in younger patients (0.88±0.07 vs. 0.85±0.07, P=0.01), whereas this relationship was not observed in those with diameter stenosis ≥50%. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients had no excess risk of ischemic events related to the deferred coronary lesions by FFR, although FFR values in mild coronary artery stenosis were modestly different between elderly and younger patients.

Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in a Patient With MINOCA and a Negative Ergometrine Provocation Test.

This case highlights the diagnostic challenge associated with coronary vasospasm, especially when accompanied by no provoked spasms on the ergometrine test in the acute setting of myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries. Inexplicable myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries after extensive evaluation should alert the clinician to the possibility of coronary vasospasm and the necessity of acetylcholine provocative testing in spite of a negative ergometrine provocation test. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Five-Year Outcomes After Fractional Flow Reserve-Based Deferral of Revascularization in Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Final Results From the J-CONFIRM Registry.

BACKGROUND: Little large-scale data is available about the long-term (beyond 3 years) clinical outcomes after fractional flow reserve (FFR)-based deferral of revascularization in clinical practice. We sought to assess the 5-year outcomes after deferral of revascularization based on FFR. METHODS: The J-CONFIRM registry (Long-Term Outcomes of Japanese Patients With Deferral of Coronary Intervention Based on Fractional Flow Reserve in Multicenter Registry) prospectively enrolled 1263 patients with 1447 lesions in whom revascularization was deferred based on FFR from 28 Japanese centers. The primary study end point was the cumulative 5-year incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), including cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target vessel revascularization. RESULTS: Five-year follow-up was completed in 92.2% of patients. The 5-year TVF rate was 11.6% in deferred lesions, mainly driven by clinically driven target vessel revascularization (9.8%). Cardiac death and target vessel-related myocardial infarction were 1.9% and 0.95%, respectively. Cumulative 5-year incidence of TVF was similar between the FFR 0.75 to 0.80 and 0.81 to 0.85 groups even after adjustment for baseline characteristics (12.2% versus 13.0%, inverse probability-weighted hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.46-1.60]; P=0.63). Compared with the almost normal FFR (0.86-1.00) group, the significant (<0.75) and borderline (0.75-0.85) FFR groups showed a higher incidence of TVF at 5 years (29.9% versus 12.8% versus 8.6%, P<0.001). Independent predictors of the 5-year TVF were hemodialysis, FFR value, left main coronary artery lesion, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, and male sex. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year TVF rate was 11.6% in deferred lesions, mainly driven by clinically driven target vessel revascularization. Notably, cardiac death and target vessel-related myocardial infarction rarely occurred during the follow-up. Our findings highlight the long-term safety of FFR-based deferral of revascularization in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Registration: URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr; Unique identifier: UMIN000014473.

Association of guideline-directed medical therapy adherence with outcomes after fractional flow reserve-based deferral of revascularization.

AIMS: Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is essential to prevent future cardiovascular events in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients. However, whether achieving optimal GDMT could improve clinical outcomes in CCS patients with deferred lesions based on fraction flow reserve (FFR) remains thoroughly investigated. We sought to evaluate the association of GDMT adherence with long-term outcomes after FFR-based deferral of revascularization in a real-world registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a post-hoc analysis of the J-CONFIRM registry (long-term outcomes of Japanese patients with deferral of coronary intervention based on fractional flow reserve in multicentre registry). Optimal GDMT was defined as combining four types of medications: antiplatelet drug, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker, beta-blocker, and statin. After stratifying patients by the number of individual GDMT agents at 2 years, landmark analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between GDMT adherence at 2 years and 5-year major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), defined as a composite of all-cause death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, clinically driven target vessel revascularization. Compared with the suboptimal GDMT group (continuing ≤3 types of medications, n = 974), the optimal GDMT group (n = 139) showed a lower 5-year incidence of MACE (5.2% vs. 12.4%, P = 0.02). The optimal GDMT was associated with a lower risk of MACE (hazard ratio: 0.41; 95% confidence interval: 0.18 to 0.92; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Patients with optimal GDMT were associated with better outcomes, suggesting the importance of achieving optimal GDMT on long-term prognosis in CCS patients after FFR-guided deferral of revascularization.